Hypertensive retinopathy

Description

Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal damage caused by chronic high blood pressure, leading to changes in the retinal vasculature. Early signs include arteriolar narrowing and arteriovenous nicking. As severity increases, findings may include cotton wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, and optic disc edema in malignant hypertension. It is often asymptomatic but may cause blurred vision in advanced stages. Diagnosis is via fundus examination. Management focuses on controlling systemic hypertension to prevent progression and reduce the risk of vision loss and cardiovascular complications.