Acute liver failure

Description

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rapid deterioration of liver function, characterized by jaundice, coagulopathy (INR >1.5), and hepatic encephalopathy in a patient without preexisting liver disease. Common causes include viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury (especially paracetamol overdose), autoimmune hepatitis, and ischemia. Symptoms progress from fatigue and nausea to confusion and coma. Diagnosis involves liver function tests, coagulation profile, and imaging. Management requires intensive care support, correction of metabolic disturbances, and treatment of the underlying cause. Liver transplantation may be lifesaving.