Mutations

Description

Mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence caused by errors during replication, exposure to mutagens, or environmental factors. They can be point mutations, insertions, deletions, or chromosomal rearrangements. Mutations may be silent, missense, or nonsense, affecting protein function variably. They can be inherited or acquired, leading to genetic diversity or diseases like cancer and genetic disorders. DNA repair mechanisms usually correct mutations, but persistent changes can alter cellular function and contribute to evolution or pathology.