Hemodynamic calculations using echocardiogram

Description

Since its clinical introduction in the 80s, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been one of the main armamentarium of  any Cardiac Anesthesiologist.TEE allows direct and fast visualization of structural anatomy of the heart and great vessels as well as contributes to hemodynamic and functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Intraoperative TEE is a safe method of cardiovascular monitoring, which is useful in the formulation of a surgical strategy, orientation of hemodynamic intervention  and immediate assessment of surgical outcomes. Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and its associated forces. Doppler echocardiography provides excellent assessments of hemodynamics that compare favorably with more invasive measurements.Bernoulli equation and continuity equation also play a great role in assessing the gradients and  velocity and calculating the valve area and chamber pressure.The objective of this presentation  is to describe the use of Doppler principle, Bernoulli and continuity equation  for the quantitative assessment of hemodynamics.