Thiazolidinediones(TZDs)

Description

Thiazolidinediones, or TZDs, are insulin sensitizers that act via PPAR-γ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma) activation, improving glucose uptake in muscle and reducing hepatic glucose production. Common agents include pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. They are effective in lowering HbA1c and are particularly useful in patients with insulin resistance. TZDs do not cause hypoglycemia but are associated with weight gain, fluid retention, and risk of heart failure. Pioglitazone may increase fracture risk and has been linked to bladder cancer in some studies. Despite controversies, TZDs are valuable in selected patients, especially those with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic syndrome.