Hypercalcemia & Hyperparathyroidism

Description

Hypercalcemia is elevated serum calcium, often due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. In primary hyperparathyroidism, excess PTH increases bone resorption, renal calcium reabsorption, and vitamin D activation, raising calcium levels. Symptoms include fatigue, polyuria, kidney stones, bone pain, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Diagnosis includes elevated calcium and PTH levels. Management includes hydration, bisphosphonates, and parathyroidectomy for symptomatic or severe cases. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism are seen in chronic kidney disease and may also cause hypercalcemia in late stages.